The Israel-Palestine conflict dates back to the end of the nineteenth century, with the birth of major nationalist movements among the Jews and the Arabs. Palestine, a region in the Middle East, was then under the control of the British Empire. The Balfour Declaration issued by the British government in 1917 announced support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.”
The British government hoped that the declaration would rally Jewish opinion to the side of the Allied Powers against the Central Powers during World War I (1914-18). This event was the start of the world’s most intractable conflict between Israel and Palestine. The public declaration of claims over Palestine by Zionist leaders in the early 1900s and the 1917 Balfour Declaration created significant tensions in the region. It was also the beginning of significant Jewish immigration into Palestine.
Tensions erupted between both communities as the migration of Jews continued during the period of Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria. Even as Hitler massacred millions of Jews in concentration camps, the cry for a Jewish homeland in Palestine began to take shape.
Background for the Israel-Palestine Conflict
In 1947, with the culmination of World War II, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 181, known as the Partition Plan, which sought to divide Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state, and the City of Jerusalem. Six months later, in May 1948, neighbouring Arab states, under the banner of the Arab League(the coalition of Muslim nations of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria), rejected the U.N. plan for Palestinian partition.
On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel was created, sparking the first Arab-Israeli War. The war ended in 1949 with Israel’s victory, and the territory was divided into 3 parts: the State of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River), and the Gaza Strip. The conflict gave rise to tensions in the region, particularly between Israel and the Arab League. Through the 1950s, Jordan and Egypt supported the Palestinian Fedayeen militant cross-border attacks in Israel.
The 1956 Suez Crisis led to Israel’s invasion of the Sinai Peninsula, later restored. In 1964, Yasser Arafat formed the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), which was recognised by the Arab League.
In June 1967, following a series of manoeuvres by Abdel Gamal Nasser, the then-Egyptian President, Israel preemptively attacked Egyptian and Syrian forces, leading to the Six-Day War. After the war, Israel gained control over Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.
Six years later, in 1973, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise two-front attack on Israel to regain their lost territories. The war began on the day of fasting in Judaism, known as Yom Kippur. However, the war did not result in a significant gain for the countries involved.
Peace Negotiations in the Israel-Palestine Conflict
Finally, in 1979, following a series of peace negotiations, representatives from Egypt and Israel signed the Camp David Accords, a peace treaty that brought an end to the conflict between Egypt and Israel.
However, the question of Palestinian self-determination remained unresolved. Later in 1987, thousands of Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip rose against the Israeli territorial occupation in what came to be known as the first Intifada.
The 1993 Oslo Accords marked the beginning of the peace process between Israel and Palestine, as Chairman of the PLO, Yasser Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin shook hands after signing the peace accords.
The accord enabled mutual recognition for Israel’s government and the newly established Palestinian Authority.
Developments Since the 2000s in the Israel-Palestine Conflict
Dismayed by Israel’s control over the West Bank, the Palestinians launched the second Intifada in 2005. In response, the Israeli government built a barrier wall around the West Bank in 2002, despite opposition from the major powers and the U.N. Bodies.
The 2013 United States efforts at reviving the peace process between the Israeli government and the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank were thwarted by Hamas, a Palestinian political party sanctioned as a terrorist organisation by the United States in 1997.
In 2014, clashes in the Palestinian territories precipitated a military confrontation between the Israeli military and Hamas, killing 73 Israelis and 2,251 Palestinians. Later in 2015, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announced that Palestinians would no longer be bound by the territorial division created by the Oslo Accords. Israel and the Palestinian conflict have thrived at the cost of civilian casualties.
According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the total number of fatalities since 2008 is 5,733 Palestinians and 251 Israelis.
What is the Israel-Palestine Conflict All About?
The Israel-Palestine conflict is rooted in a century-long territorial dispute over the Holy Land, a region with great religious and historical significance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims.
The primary aspect of the conflict is the claim over territories. Having two separate nations, one Israeli and the other Palestinian, is called the two-state solution.
The claims to Jerusalem are the second source of contention. The Holy Land, as it is known, is a sacred site for three different religions. The contested city is divided into East Jerusalem and West Jerusalem by Israel’s borders and those of the West Bank.
The third issue is the illegal settlement of Israeli communities in disputed Palestinian territories. The fourth problem is Hamas, which has vowed to destroy Israel at all costs. The fifth issue in the dispute remains a lack of consensus on proposed solutions for the peace-building process.
What Are the Proposed Solutions for the Israel-Palestine Conflict?
There are three proposed solutions: One-state, Two-state, and Three-state.
The one-state solution is a proposed approach that seeks to unify all the disputed territories into a single state of Israel, with equal rights for all inhabitants, regardless of ethnicity and religion. The solution seeks to create a unitary, federal or confederate Israeli-Palestinian state encompassing all territories of Israel and Palestine.
Critics have, however, argued that regardless of the composition of the proposed one-state, there will still be one minority that would feel isolated. Several others have argued that the one-state solution is not viable because of the Arabs unwillingness to accept a Jewish national presence in the Middle East.
In his 2000 interview with Edward Said, journalist Jeffrey Goldberg, whom he calls ‘one of the intellectual fathers of one-statism’, asks whether he thought a Jewish minority would be treated fairly in a binational state. To this, Said replied: “It worries me a great deal. The question of the fate of the Jews is very difficult for me. I don’t know.”
The two-state solution envisions an independent Palestinian state alongside the State of Israel. The proposal for creating two states was first made in the Peel Commission Plan of 1937. The two-state solution is one of the most embraced solutions by international players.
It is also one solution that endures because there is no other viable solution. Critiques of the two-state solution have argued that Israel is far too powerful to allow the formation of a Palestinian state.
Yusef Munayyer writes: “The simple truth is that over the decades, the Israelis developed enough power and cultivated enough support from Washington to allow them to occupy and hold the territories and to create, in effect, a one-state reality of their devising.”
Now, there is the three-state solution, which notes that there are three states in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Hamas in Gaza, the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, and Israel.
Cover Photo: Fallaner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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